Environmental pollution concerns have brought a new interest in biomass materials for the production of activated carbon. The lignocellulosic biomass material has the potential to be a low-cost and conveniently accessible precursor for the production of activated carbon. This review focuses on the synthesis of activated carbon from a variety of lignocellulosic biomasses that have been used by different researchers. Lignocellulosic activated carbons are frequently used for air pollution control because of their high porosity, pore volume, and surface area. Finally, the utilization of lignocellulose biomass-based activated carbons to remove various air contaminants including hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is discussed in this review.

Integrated wastewater handling and organic dyes management are important challenges that scientists are working to solve today. A thiol-functionalized ionic liquid-based periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO-IL-SH) has been prepared and characterized using the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and applied as a robust adsorbent for removal of methylene blue (MB) as an organic dye from an aqueous solution. Finding disclosed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 384.61 mg/g was achieved at 10 mg L-1 of methylene blue, pH 8, 0.04 g of PMO-IL-SH, and 35 min of contact time. This finding may be due to electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking, H-bonding of abundant thiol-containing groups on PMO-IL-SH surface and soft-soft interaction in PMO cavity. The isotherm and kinetic researches confirmed that the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models were best fitted for the adsorption system, respectively. This study may provide insight for synchronous and remarkable removal of organic dyes to refine water challenges.

The present study aims at comparing between single and two-step esterifica-tion process to produce biodiesel of waste cooking oil using microwave method for amplifica-tion. WCO (waste cooking oil) was employed as a raw material, pretreated, and then esterified with methanol under the action of KOH, NaOH and H2SO4 as catalysts to be transformed into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) to prepare biodiesel. Results show, optimized conditions of 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and catalytic 1 wt% (H2SO4 + NaOH) at 70 °C with a stir-ring rate of 900 rpm for a reaction duration of 6 min gave a maximum yield of 96.7 %. Finally, the chemical composition of biodiesel obtained was determined by GC-MS and FTIR analysis, which was then compared according to the European standards.

The present study aims to investigate speech acts in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d'Urbervilles based on John Austin’s theory. In the present research, the researcher attempts to investigate female characters’ speech acts in the selected novel at three levels of locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act. Austin theories have been published in the book titled How to Do Things with Words which introduces speech acts. The philosophers believe that language is used to display the world. In other words, it shows what exists and what does not exist. The same mechanism can be traced and studied in Tess’s speech acts. It might be claimed that for Tess, the language is not the means of transferring meanings. It is a tool through which their psyche, identity, and the course of their life can be constructed. Using linguistic theories in analyzing the selected work can both depict new aspects of the novel and give insights to the linguists. It can be concluded that the speech acts are the reason why Tess fails in the society and have tragic destiny and the link between the characters’ language and psyche would be detected.