Cancer is a growing problem in today's world. Cancer is considered to be the leading cause of death in many countries. The incidence rates for various cancer forms vary by nation and can depend on many factors such as the lifestyle of the people, obesity rates, exposure to certain chemicals, family history, and others. As preventing cancer is a significant public health challenge, it is important to identify which country is leading in death rates due to the disease. This study uses a Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method named Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) to perform this test and rank the countries on this basis. The outcome of the decision-making process is to create awareness among people to reduce the effects caused by cancer in that particular country.

Most modern democracies have administratively decentralized a large part of their functions, granting municipal territories autonomy to manage the collection and expenditure of tax revenues. However, another type of income at the local level is transferred from the central government with a specific allocation, compared to which the municipalities have no autonomy in spending. These conditional or nation-specific transfers in many cases represent the most significant part of the income. Therefore, we want to determine whether the levels of dependence on transfers are due to administration decisions or, on the contrary, respond to common regional characteristics, implementing an index to measure the dependence on conditional transfers from the nation to the municipalities, taking as a study of case these territorial entities in a department of Colombia. Data on the total income and national transfers of the municipalities were collected for the fiscal periods between 2013 and 2025. To better analyse the dependence on such transfers in the municipalities during this period, the k-means classification algorithm was applied, the which found that the municipalities can be grouped into three conglomerates. Firstly, it was found that most municipalities have a high dependence on transfers from the nation. Likewise, regional clusters were identified, in which the areas historically affected by the armed conflict and the planting of illicit crops presented the greatest dependence.

Using an immersion ultrasound-assisted method, a new series of ᾳ-aminophosphonate derivatives was tested for toxicity in a target (Ephestia kuehniella) and non-target (Lumbricus rubellus) population. In the larvae Ephestia, we measured the insecticidal activity of molecules tested (BR1, BR2, BR3, BR4, and BR5) in comparison to Dursban, using contamination by fumigation, contact and repulsion. Furthermore, we assessed their toxicity in earthworms by measuring the mortality rate (TM%), weight , glutathione (GSH), activity acetylcholine esterase (AchE), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST).The results show a strong insecticidal activity (TM>50%) by fumigation for the BR1, BR2, and BR3 molecules, a moderate to strong activity by contact, and a low to very low activity by repulsion. Simultaneously, we found no mortality in worms treated with these derivatives, regardless of treatment, and the weight decreased significantly (P<0.01) compared to controls. Monitoring of stress biomarkers revealed inhibition of AchE in Lambricus that ranged between 18% and 45% for all treatments when compared to the marketed pesticide (64%), an increase in GSH levels, and induction of non-significant GST activity, indicating the presence of moderate oxidative stress. These findings support using these derivatives as a green insecticide on the target population while having no effect on the non-target population.

In this study, the genetic characterization of honey bee populations of Turkey was identified by using COI-COII, COI, 16srDNA, ND5 and CytB genes and ten restriction endonuclease enzymes. A total of 470 worker honey bees samples were collected from 43 different provinces of Türkiye and also from Greece, Bulgaria and Georgia on the borders with Türkiye. HinfI restriction analysis of the COI region yielded two types. Type 1 was the most common one found in Türkiye, whereas type 2 was appeared only in Hatay in Southern part of Türkiye. The absence of HincII site in COI and EcoRI in 16sr DNA gene regions of Hatay samples indicates that these samples belongs to A lineage. However the presence of BglII and HinfI restriction sites in Cytb fragment showed that some samples from Hatay were designated as mitochondrial lineage O. All samples, except Hatay, having EcoRI site in 16sr DNA fragment but not HinfI site in Cyt b fragment belonged to C lineage. Additionally, the digestion patterns of COI-COII with DraI match with the result of lineage C and lineage Z lineage. The restriction pattern typical for C lineage predominated throughout Türkiye. The results of digestion analyse revealed that honey bee population of Southern part of Türkiye, which was originated from African or Arabian mitotype was the most distant from all the other honeybee populations surveyed. The current genetic diversity of honeybees in Türkiye support that Anatolia has a role as a genetic centre for Middle Eastern honey bees. However there are also some mixing between native and foreign queen bee subspecies due to the commercial queen transfer from abroad to Turkiye.

The triage is the first contact between the user and the emergency service, thus being a crucial process with regard to management. Resources are arranged from the triage in order to provide support for the patients who need care the most. This research is based on the discovery of the effectiveness of triage systems in the Emergency Services, mainly the Manchester Triage System, which is currently the Screening System in place in most of Europe, including Portugal. The research was qualitative in nature and data was collated through interviews with health professionals who exercise their activity in Portugal. The objective is to compare the various testimonies of health professionals and to understand to what extent their conclusions corroborate what the authors present in the literature review refer, in order to understand if this study contributes to the validation of the triage system implemented in national hospitals. It was concluded that the Screening System is valid and useful, however, it is necessary to make some updates over time in the management of the service, in order to increase its effectiveness and agreement.