To convert vegetable edible oils into vanaspati ghee, nickel is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation process. A simple and fast method for the trace level determination of nickel in ghee is reported. In this different methods were applied for the extraction of residual nickel from ghee samples. Using toluene, as organic solvents, an acid mixture was used for the extraction of nickel. Extracted nickel was quantified with atomic absorption. Among the organic solvents, toluene proved to be the best solvent mediating a 95% extraction of nickel from ghee samples. Nickel was extracted and determined in ten different brands of ghee and in all samples its amount was well above the permissible limit of WHO (0.2 µg/g). Other metals like lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium were also determined and their concentrations were found to be much below the WHO permissible limits.

In this paper, the problem of turbulent forced convection flow of water- alumina nanofluid in a uniformly heated pipe has been thoroughly investigated. In numerical study, single and two-phase models have been used. In single-phase modeling of nanofluid, thermal and flow properties of nanofluid have been considered to be dependent on temperature and volume fraction. Effects of volume fraction and Reynolds number (3000

Many researchers have investigated gear system, using numerical and approximation methods such as piecewise linear technique. It should, however, be noted that these methods cannot predict some of the important nonlinear phenomena, such as sub-harmonic and chaotic responses. For specific values of parameters, the system becomes chaotic, when the system has chaotic response; vibrations are in large amplitude and unpredictable.\nIn this paper, nonlinear vibration of gear system and their chaotic behavior are discussed. Gear models, assuming the presence of backlash and approximation with smoothing function, are represented, and bifurcation and chaos in these models are investigated. Most parameters, which affect the chaotic behavior of the system using bifurcation diagrams, have been established and based on these results, the system has been designed.

The different brand personality has a vital and important role in the success of a brand and customers with different personalities prefer brands which have a proportionate and consistent personality with their personality. The fitness and alignment of the consumer personality and brand personality will lead to brand loyalty. Therefore the present study is aimed to assess the relationship between consumer personality traits, brand personality and brand loyalty. This is a descriptive survey study and a questionnaire is used to collect the data. Analysis of the results indicates the validity and reliability of the used questionnaire. The population of the present study consists of the consumers of the mobile phones in Tehran. For data analysis, the SPSS and LISREL software packages are used. Research findings showed that the consumers\' personality traits have significant effect on the brand personality; brand personality has significant effect on the brand loyalty, and ultimately consumers\' personality traits have significant effect on the brand loyalty in the mobile phone industry. In other words, all of the hypotheses are confirmed.

The main theme of this paper is the interrelations between solution problems for linear time-varying systems and the linear matrix equations of Sylvester with suitable controllability and observability conditions.

The present article discuses the problems of new Unitary Quantum Theory in its applications to the different aspects of the reality. There are spectacular examples of such applications.

In this communication, a low-cost circularly polarized wire antenna exhibiting improved gain performance for Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications is presented. The proposed antenna comprises a Y-shaped quarter-wavelength monopole radiator surrounded by two iterations of eight conductive arched walls acting as parasitic elements to enhance the overall antenna gain and to shape the radiation pattern in the H-plane. A hemispherical radome shell is added to protect the antenna structure and its effect on the antenna performance is discussed. The designed antenna demonstrates antenna gain of 8.2 dB with omnidirectional far-field radiation pattern in the H-plane. The gain of the proposed antenna is also compared with the characteristic of the stand-alone Y-shaped monopole to highlight the advantages of the proposed approach.